Ozempic and other GLP-1 medications were originally developed to treat type 2 diabetes. But when patients reported losing weight after being prescribed the medication, it became a breakthrough drug for those whose long-term battles with obesity and overweight had never been won. Although most people focus on the advantages of these medications, every prescription drug can have adverse side-effects—including GLP-1 medications. Now, questions about their potential impact on oral health are emerging, with the term “Ozempic mouth” being used to describe symptoms associated with the use of GLP-1 medications.
If you are one of the millions benefiting from a GLP-1 medication for type 2 diabetes or weight loss, here’s what you need to know to keep your mouth healthy!
How Ozempic and Other GLP-1 Medications Work
Semaglutide is the generic ingredient in Ozempic and Wegovy®. It belongs to a class of medications known as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, or GLP-1 RAs. It mimics the GLP-1 hormone, released in the gut in response to eating.
As Green Pond Dental Associates explains, “Ozempic’s active ingredient, semaglutide, primarily targets receptors for the naturally occurring hormone GLP-1, which plays a vital role in regulating blood sugar levels and appetite. When semaglutide binds to these receptors, it triggers a cascade of actions that mimic the effects of GLP-1.
“One critical mechanism is the stimulation of insulin release from the pancreas, particularly when blood sugar levels are high. This helps lower blood sugar levels and prevent hyperglycemia, a hallmark of diabetes. Simultaneously, Ozempic suppresses glucagon secretion, another hormone that raises blood sugar. This dual action helps maintain stable blood glucose levels throughout the day.
“Beyond its effects on blood sugar, Ozempic influences appetite by slowing gastric emptying, promoting a feeling of fullness and reducing overall calorie intake. It also acts on the brain, specifically the hypothalamus, to reduce appetite signals and cravings, leading to sustained weight loss.”
Tirzepatide is the generic ingredient in Mounjaro® and Zepbound®. It stimulates both GLP-1 and GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) receptors, offering a broader span of metabolic benefits and appetite control than semaglutide. GIP can improve the efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists in weight loss by enhancing appetite suppression.
Potential Oral Health Side Effects of GLP-1 Medications
If you’re taking a GLP-1 medication, be aware if you develop one or more of the following conditions:
Dry mouth (xerostomia) — A common side effect of semaglutide is dry mouth, which occurs due to reduced saliva production. This can lead to various uncomfortable symptoms, including a sticky or dry feeling in the mouth, difficulty swallowing or speaking and a burning sensation on the tongue. Saliva is crucial for washing away food particles and neutralizing acids in the mouth. Without sufficient saliva, the risk of tooth decay, cavities and gum disease increases.
Mouth ulcers and thrush — A dry mouth can weaken the immune system’s response inside the mouth, making fungal infections like oral thrush more likely. Small, painful ulcers on the tongue, gums and cheeks may occur.
Gum changes — Some patients might notice changes in their gum tissue, including increased swelling or bleeding, which can exacerbate or trigger periodontal (gum) disease.
Increased tooth sensitivity — Pain or discomfort while eating cold, hot, or sweet foods is a symptom of tooth sensitivity. Left untreated, this can lead to enamel erosion or receding gums. Our blog post—“What You Need to Know About Tooth Sensitivity”— covers this topic in detail.
Gum recession — Although GLP-1 medications do not directly cause gum recession, the dry mouth and potential for gum disease it can trigger increase the risk of developing or worsening gum recession.
Nausea and vomiting — Nausea is another frequent side effect of GLP-1 medications, and vomiting can occur as a result. Vomiting exposes teeth to stomach acid, which can cause enamel erosion. Repeated acid exposure makes teeth more sensitive and prone to decay.
How to Protect Your Teeth and Gums if You Take a GLP-1 Medication
Being aware of the possible side effects of Ozempic and other GLP-1 medications on your oral health allows you to be proactive in mitigating them with stepped-up protective measures. Make the following part of your regular routine:
Stay hydrated — Drink water throughout the day to combat dry mouth, even if you’re not thirsty. By the way, thirst is the first sign of dehydration, so it isn’t good for your overall health if you tend to not drink until you’re thirsty! Carry a water bottle with you and sip on it regularly, especially if you experience a decrease in saliva production.
Stimulate saliva production — Chewing sugar-free gum or sucking on sugar-free hard candies can help stimulate saliva flow, keeping your mouth moist and aiding in neutralizing harmful acids. Your dentist may recommend an over-the-counter saliva substitute, or prescribe one.
Boost fluoride protection — Brush your teeth twice daily with a fluoride toothpaste. Fluoride strengthens tooth enamel, making it more resistant to decay. If you experience dry mouth, consider using a fluoride rinse for additional protection.
Last but definitely not least, inform your dentist as soon as possible if you are taking a GLP-1 medication. In her interview with Hello magazine, Dr. Sofina Ahmed emphasized the importance of doing so. “It can influence treatment decisions and monitoring plans,” she said. “Early intervention is key.”
Once your dentist knows that your GLP-1 medication may be a factor in oral health conditions, he or she can take additional measures to manage side effects, including the following, listed here courtesy of Parkside Dental:
Fluoride treatments — Fluoride strengthens enamel, helping protect against decay caused by dry mouth.
Dental sealants — Sealants create a protective barrier over teeth, shielding them from bacteria and decay.
Custom mouthguards for acid erosion — A custom-fitted mouthguard can protect teeth from stomach acid during vomiting episodes, preventing enamel erosion.
Desensitizing treatments for sensitive teeth — Acid erosion can cause sensitivity. Dentists may provide treatments such as desensitizing varnishes or recommend specialized toothpaste to alleviate discomfort.
Gum therapy for gingivitis or periodontal disease — If gum inflammation or disease occurs due to dry mouth, treatments like scaling and root planing can help manage the condition and prevent further damage.
Of course, twice-a-year dental examinations and cleanings will remove plaque buildup, which is more likely to occur in patients with dry mouth — while allowing your dentist to monitor any changes that need to be addressed. As we at NK Family Dental always say, your dentist is your partner in maintaining good oral health! Keeping your dentist informed about any prescription medication you take will help prevent possible side-effects from having a negative effect on your oral health so you can fully experience the benefits of the medications that are improving your overall health!
At NK Family Dental, it is our mission to provide the highest quality and most compassionate oral care to our Chicago patients, including dental, orthodontic and periodontal services. Our practice is trusted for advanced oral surgery procedures and comfortable root canal treatment.
Our team of experienced, dedicated dental professionals will help address your oral health concerns, and determine the best solution for you based on your individual situation. We strive to identify treatment options that fit your needs. Our dental specialists include our general dentist, Dr. Nilofer Khan, our endodontist, Dr. Sabek, and our periodontist, Dr. Amir Danesh. Dr. Danesh is a board-certified periodontist and Diplomat of the American Board of Periodontology. He has contributed to the publication of two books, as well as published over 20 papers in prestigious dental research journals.
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